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 Chemical Feed Systems These are available as automatic injectors of chemicals into the boiler's feed supply system, or they may be a manual 'shot feed' type which inject chemicals into closed loop or low make-up water systems. In the case of the automatic system, they are used to treat feedwater where an extra measure of protection against corrosion and scaling is required. Also, they are sometimes used to condition blowdown sludge before entering the sewer system and are normally equipped with either a piston or diaphragm pump which automatically meters the correct amount of chemical agent even when flows vary because of varying load conditions.
Deaerators Used in many process situations especially when make-up exceeds 25%. The two basic functions of a deaerator are to preheat boiler feedwater and remove corrosive gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide). Available in various designs (spray type, packed column, or tray) these devices will remove oxygen in the feedwater to a level of .005 cc/liter under a broad range of operating conditions and loads. For this high level of deaeration to take place, the feedwater must be elevated to a temperature of approximately 240°F.
Sometimes referred to as 'polishing softeners' because they are always installed down stream of the softener therefore requiring softened water. Chloride cycle dealkalizers are similar to water softeners except that instead of using sodium zeolite resin, they use a strong anion resin to remove negatively charged ions from the raw water supply. These include bicarbonate, sulfate, nitrate, and silica. These are replaced with choride ions. Dealkalizers remove more than 90% of the bicarbonate alkalinity which effectively controls carbon dioxide formation in the boiler, the major cause of condensate line corrosion. These units will remove virtually all salts. It involves passing raw water through both cation and anion exchange resins. Sometimes the resins may be contained in one vessel which is termed a 'mixed bed" system. The process removes virtually all the minerals and produces very high quality water containing almost no dissolved solids.
Similar to a deaerator in that they include a receiving tank on a stand with one or more feed pumps, feed systems are used to contain returning condensate and any make-up necessary to maintain the proper operating level in the boiler. Sometimes equipped with an internal preheat tube, these systems can maintain feedwater temperatures in the 210°F range allowing substantial amounts of O2 and CO2 to be released before entering the boiler. This tempering of the make-up water also minimizes thermal shocking of the boiler.
Softeners Water softeners are frequently used to provide softened water for heavy commercial, industrial, and municipal applications. Water containing calcium and magnesium (i.e. hardness) is not suitable for many uses because of its tendency to form mineral scale, soap scum, and chemical sludges.Water softeners use ion exchange resin to exchange the calcium, magnesium, and other scale formingminerals for sodium. Since sodium does not form hard mineral scale the process is referred to as water softening.
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